Know your rights. Do your duty.

Equality before law, no discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Equal opportunity in public employment. Abolition of untouchability and titles.

Six freedoms: speech & expression, assembly, association, movement, residence and profession. Protection in respect of conviction, life & personal liberty (Art. 21) and safeguards on arrest.

Prohibits human trafficking, forced labour and employment of children below 14 in factories, mines or hazardous industries.

Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. Freedom to manage religious affairs, no religious taxation, no religious instruction in fully state-funded institutions.

Protection of language, script and culture of minorities and the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

Direct move to the Supreme Court by writs — Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto — for enforcement of fundamental rights. Called by Ambedkar 'the heart and soul of the Constitution'.

Any citizen may request information from a 'public authority' which must reply within 30 days (48 hrs for life/liberty). ₹10 application fee. Appeal to First Appellate Authority → State/Central Information Commission.

Free & compulsory education to every child aged 6-14 in a neighbourhood school. 25% seats reserved for economically weaker sections in private unaided schools. No detention till Class VIII (subject to state amendments).

Report online financial fraud within the 'golden hour' by calling 1930 or filing at cybercrime.gov.in — banks are legally required to freeze the fraudulent transaction chain.

Legal termination up to 20 weeks on one opinion; 20-24 weeks on two opinions for special categories (survivors of sexual assault, minors, foetal abnormality, women with disability). Medical Board may permit beyond 24 weeks for substantial foetal abnormality.

Parents & senior citizens (60+) may claim maintenance from children/relatives via Maintenance Tribunal — decided within 90 days. Neglect punishable up to 3 months / ₹5 000. State-level rules govern old-age homes & medical care.

21 recognised disabilities. 4% reservation in govt jobs, 5% in higher-education admissions. Non-discrimination in employment, accessible public buildings, ICT & transport within stipulated timeline.

Every citizen shall abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.

To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired the national struggle for freedom.

Transcend religious, linguistic, regional or sectional diversities. Renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

Includes forests, lakes, rivers and wild life; have compassion for living creatures.

So that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.

Parent or guardian to provide education to a child between 6 and 14 years (added by 86th Amendment).

6 consumer rights (safety, information, choice, hearing, redress, consumer education). E-commerce buyer rights. District/State/National Consumer Commissions with pecuniary limits ₹50 L / ₹2 Cr / above ₹2 Cr.

Legal recognition to electronic records & digital signatures. Section 43A — data protection. Section 66 series — computer offences (identity theft, cheating by personation, violation of privacy). Section 67 — obscenity online. Section 69 — interception rules.

First comprehensive personal-data law in India. Requires consent, purpose limitation, data-principal rights (correction, erasure, grievance redressal). Data Protection Board of India for enforcement. Penalties up to ₹250 Cr.

Mandatory Internal Committee (IC) in every workplace with 10+ employees. Complaint within 3 months (extendable). IC to complete inquiry within 90 days. Employer duties include annual report, training and prominent display of penalty consequences.

Consolidation of 29 central labour laws into 4 codes: Code on Wages (minimum wage, timely payment), Industrial Relations Code, Code on Social Security (PF, ESI, gratuity), OSH Code (occupational safety, health & working conditions).

Civil remedies to women in a 'domestic relationship' — protection orders, residence orders, monetary relief, custody orders, compensation. Includes physical, sexual, verbal, emotional & economic abuse.

Gender-neutral, child-friendly law defining aggravated penetrative sexual assault, sexual assault, sexual harassment and use of a child for pornography. Death penalty for aggravated penetrative sexual assault (2019 amendment).

Licensing, registration, insurance, road-safety penalties. 2019 amendment raised fines: drunk driving ₹10 000, over-speeding ₹1 000–2 000, no seat-belt ₹1 000, no helmet ₹1 000 + 3-month DL suspension, using phone while driving ₹5 000.

Cars with odd-ending number plates run on odd calendar dates, even on even dates. Exemptions: two-wheelers, single-woman drivers, VIPs, CNG vehicles (subject to notification).

During GRAP Stage III/IV, BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel light-motor vehicles are prohibited on Delhi roads. Challan ₹20 000 under MV Act Section 194(1). Emergency vehicles exempt.

Threshold registration ₹40 L (goods) / ₹20 L (services) turnover. Composition scheme up to ₹1.5 Cr. E-invoicing above ₹5 Cr (from Aug 2023). E-way bill for goods > ₹50 000.

Formation, governance & winding-up of Indian companies. Mandatory: DIR-3 KYC of directors, board composition, statutory audit, annual filings (AOC-4, MGT-7), CSR for companies meeting turnover/profit thresholds.

Cognizable & non-bailable offences under Sections 103 & 104 — 6 months to 3 years jail + fine (₹50 000-₹2 L). DSP-rank police officer may raid without warrant. Registered marks get 10-year renewable protection.

20-year exclusive rights to make, use & sell a patented invention. Infringement remedies: injunction, damages, account of profits, seizure & destruction of infringing goods (Order 39 CPC).

Significant Social Media Intermediaries must appoint Chief Compliance Officer, Nodal Contact & Grievance Officer (Indian residents), publish monthly compliance reports & enable traceability of first originator on the platform.

Advance rent capped: 2 months (residential), 6 months (non-residential). Written agreements mandatory. Rent Authority + Rent Court + Rent Tribunal to fast-track disputes.

Every project > 500 sqm or 8 apartments must register with State RERA. 70% of buyer money held in escrow. Standard carpet-area definition. Buyer refund + interest for delay.

Every clinic/hospital in adopting States must register, display charges. Charter of Patients' Rights: right to information, records, second opinion, informed consent, emergency care, non-discrimination.

Umbrella framework for environmental protection. Rules for air, water, noise, e-waste, plastic waste, hazardous waste. Contravention → jail up to 5 years and/or fine ₹1 L, additional ₹5 000/day for continuing offences.

Ambient noise limits: Silence zone 50/40 dB day/night; Residential 55/45; Commercial 65/55; Industrial 75/70. Loudspeakers banned 10 PM–6 AM (relaxable up to 15 nights per year by State).

Executive Magistrate may prohibit assembly of 4+ people, carrying arms or use of loudspeakers when there is a likelihood of danger to human life, health or safety. Order valid up to 2 months (extendable to 6).

New penal code effective 1 July 2024. Includes community service as a punishment for the first time (petty offences). Terrorism, organised crime & mob lynching are now standalone offences with defined penalties.